The objective of this review is to critically assess the current evidence surrounding their mechanisms of action, clinical indications, efficacy, and safety profiles, with particular emphasis on regulatory and translational considerations
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Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The animal study was reviewed and approved by Experimental Animal Center of Wenzhou Medical University (Approval ID: wydw2022-0032)
Additional water-mediated hydrogen bonding between PDE1B inhibitors (e.g., pyrazolo-pyrimidone and quinazoline cores) and residues such as Q421, Y222, and H373 further enhances binding affinity
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88 Single-cell proteomics, which quantifies protein expression and pathway activation at single-cell resolution, reveals functional heterogeneity, dynamic regulation of resistance-associated proteins, and their interactions with the TME